GeSHi Documentation

This is the documentation for GeSHi - Generic Syntax Highlighter.

The most modern version of this document is available on the web - go to http://qbnz.com/highlighter/documentation.php to view it.

Any comments, questions, confusing points? Please get in contact with the developers! We need all the information we can get to make the use of GeSHi and everything related to it (including this documentation) a breeze.

Contents

1 Introduction

GeSHi is exactly what the acronym stands for: a Generic Syntax Highlighter. As long as you have a language file for almost any computer language - whether it be a scripting language, object orientated, markup or anything in between - GeSHi can highlight it! GeSHi is extremely customisable - the same source can be highlighted multiple times in multiple ways - the same source even with a different language. GeSHi outputs XHTML strict compliant code¹, and can make use of CSS to save on the amount of output. And what is the cost for all of this? You need PHP. That's all!

1.1 Features

Here are some of the standout features of GeSHi:

Programmed in PHP:

GeSHi is coded entirely in PHP. This means that where ever you have PHP, you can have GeSHi! Almost any free webhost supports PHP, and GeSHi works fine with PHP > 4.3.0².

Support for many languages:

GeSHi comes with more than 100 languages, including PHP, HTML, CSS, Java, C, Lisp, XML, Perl, Python, ASM and many more!

XHTML compliant output:

GeSHi produces XHTML compliant output, using stylesheets, so you need not worry about GeSHi ruining your claims to perfection in the standards department ;)

Highly customisable:

GeSHi allows you to change the style of the output on the fly, use CSS classes or not, use an external stylesheet or not, use line numbering, change the case of output keywords... the list goes on and on!

Flexible:

Unfortunately, GeSHi is quite load/time intensive for large blocks of code. However, you want speed? Turn off any features you don't like, pre-make a stylesheet and use CSS classes to reduce the amount of output and more - it's easy to strike a balance that suits you.

This is just a taste of what you get with GeSHi - the best syntax highlighter for the web in the world!

1.2 About GeSHi

GeSHi started as a mod for the phpBB forum system, to enable highlighting of more languages than the available (which can be roughly estimated to exactly 0 ;)). However, it quickly spawned into an entire project on its own. But now it has been released, work continues on a mod for phpBB³ - and hopefully for many forum systems, blogs and other web-based systems.

Several systems are using GeSHi now, including:

• Dokuwiki - An advanced wiki engine
• gtk.php.net - Their manual uses GeSHi for syntax highlighting
• WordPress - A powerful blogging system⁴
• PHP-Fusion - A constantly evolving CMS
• SQL Manager - A Postgres DBAL
• Mambo - A popular open source CMS
• MediaWiki - A leader in Wikis[^plugin-only]
• TikiWiki - A megapowerful Wiki/CMS
• TikiPro - Another powerful Wiki based on TikiWiki
• WikkaWiki - A flexible and lightweight Wiki engine
• RWeb - A site-building tool

GeSHi is the original work of Nigel McNie. The project was later handed over to Benny Baumann. Others have helped with aspects of GeSHi also, they're mentioned in the THANKS file.

1.3 Credits

Many people have helped out with GeSHi, whether by creating language files, submitting bug reports, suggesting new ideas or simply pointing out a new idea or something I'd missed. All of these people have helped to build a better GeSHi, you can see them in the THANKS file.

Do you want your name on this list? Why not make a language file, or submit a valid bug? Or perhaps help me with an added feature I can't get my head around, or suggest a new feature, or even port GeSHi to anothe language? There's lots you can do to help out, and I need it all :)

1.4 Feedback

I need your feedback! ANYthing you have to say is fine, whether it be a query, congratulations, a bug report or complaint, I don't care! I want to make this software the best it can be, and I need your help! You can contact me in the following ways:

• E-mail: Nigel McNie, Benny Baumann or better yet: use the geshi-users mailinglist
• Forums: [Sourceforge.net Forums][][geshi-forums]
• IRC: [#geshi][][geshi-irc] on Freenode

Remember, any help I am grateful for :)

2 The Basics

In this section, you'll learn a bit about GeSHi, how it works and what it uses, how to install it and how to use it to perform basic highlighting.

2.1 Getting GeSHi work

If you're reading this and don't have GeSHi, that's a problem ;). So, how do you get your hands on it?

2.1.1 Requirements

GeSHi requires the following to be installable:

• PHP. It's untested with anything other below 4.4.X. I hope to extend this range soon. I see no reason why it won't work with any version of PHP above 4.3.0.
• Approximately 2 megabytes of space. The actual script is small - around 150K - but most of the size comes from the large number of language files (over 100!). If you're pushed for space, make sure you don't upload to your server the docs/ or contrib/ directory, and you may want to leave out any language files that don't take your fancy either.

As you can see, the requirements are very small. If GeSHi does NOT work for you in a particular version of PHP, let me know why and I'll fix it.

2.1.2 Downloading GeSHi

There are several ways to get a copy of GeSHi. The first and easiest way of all is visiting http://qbnz.com/highlighter/downloads.php to obtain the latest version. This is suitable especially when you plan on using GeSHi on an production website or otherwise need a stable copy for flawless operation.

If you are somewhat more sophisticated or need a feature just recently implemented you might consider getting GeSHi by downloading via SVN. There are multiple ways for doing so and each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. Let's cover the various locations in the SVN you might download from:

• https://geshi.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/geshi/tags/:
  This directory holds all previous releases of GeSHi each as a subdirectory. By downloading from here you can test your code with various old versions in case something has been broken recently.
• https://geshi.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/geshi/branches/RELEASE_1_0_X_STABLE/geshi-1.0.X/src/:
  This directory is the right place for you if you want to have reasonably current versions of GeSHi but need something that is stable. This directory is updated once in a while between updates whenever there's something new but which is already reasonably stable. This branch is used to form the actual release once the work is done.
• https://geshi.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/geshi/trunk/geshi-1.0.X/src/:
  This directory is the working directory where every new feature, patch or improvement is committed to. This directory is updated regularly, but is not guaranteed to be tested and stable at all times. With this version you'll always get the latest version of GeSHi out there, but beware of bugs! There will be loads of them here! So this is absolutely not recommended for productive use!

If you have choosen the right SVN directory for you do a quick svn co $SVNPATH geshi where $SVNPATH is one of the above paths and your desired version of GeSHi will be downloaded into an subdirectory called "geshi". If you got a version of GeSHi you can go on installing as shown below.

2.1.3 Extracting GeSHi

Packages come in .zip, .tar.gz and .tar.bz2 format, so there's no complaining about whether it's available for you. *nix users probably want .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 and windows users probably want .zip. And those lucky to download it directly from SVN don't even need to bother extracting GeSHi.

To extract GeSHi in Linux (.tar.gz):

1. Open a shell
2. cd to the directory where the archive lies
3. Type tar -xzvf [filename] where [filename] is the name of the archive (typically GeSHi-1.X.X.tar.gz)
4. GeSHi will be extracted to its own directory

To extract GeSHi in Windows (.zip):

1. Open Explorer
2. Navigate to the directory where the archive lies
3. Extract the archive. The method you use will depend on your configuration. Some people can right-click upon the archive and select "Extract" from there, others may have to drag the archive and drop it upon an extraction program.

To extract from .zip you'll need an unzipping program - unzip in Linux, or 7-Zip, WinZip, WinRAR or similar for Windows.

2.1.4 Installing GeSHi

Installing GeSHi is a snap, even for those most new to PHP. There's no tricks involved. Honest!

GeSHi is nothing more than a PHP class with related language support files. Those of you familiar with PHP can then guess how easy the installation will be: simply copy it into your include path somewhere. You can put it wherever you like in this include path. I recommend that you put the language files in a subdirectory of your include path too - perhaps the same subdirectory that geshi.php is in. Remember this path for later.

If you don't know what an include path is, don't worry. Simply copy GeSHi to your webserver. So for example, say your site is at http://mysite.com/myfolder, you can copy GeSHi to your site so the directory structure is like this:

http://mysite.com/myfolder/geshi/[language files]
http://mysite.com/myfolder/geshi.php

Or you can put it in any subdirectory you like:

http://mysite.com/myfolder/includes/geshi/[language files]
http://mysite.com/myfolder/includes/geshi.php

2.2 Basic Usage

Use of GeSHi is very easy. Here's a simple example:

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//
// Include the GeSHi library//
include_once 'geshi.php'; 
//// Define some source to highlight, a language to use
// and the path to the language files//
 $source = '$foo = 45;
for ( $i = 1; $i < $foo; $i++ ){
  echo "$foo\n";  --$foo;
}';$language = 'php';
 //
// Create a GeSHi object//
 $geshi = new GeSHi($source, $language);
 //
// And echo the result!//
echo $geshi->parse_code(); 

As you can see, there's only three really important lines:

include_once('geshi.php')

This line includes the GeSHi class for use

$geshi = new GeSHi($source, $language);

This line creates a new GeSHi object, holding the source and the language you want to use for highlighting.

echo $geshi->parse_code();

This line spits out the result :)

So as you can see, simple usage of GeSHi is really easy. Just create a new GeSHi object and get the code!

Since version 1.0.2, there is a function included with GeSHi called geshi_highlight. This behaves exactly as the php function highlight_string() behaves - all you do is pass it the language you want to use to highlight and the path to the language files as well as the source. Here are some examples:

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// Simply echo the highlighted code
geshi_highlight($source, 'php', $path); 
// Get the code back, for use later$code = geshi_highlight($source, 'java', $path, true);
 // Check if there is an error with parsing this code
 ob_start();
$result = geshi_highlight($source, 'perl', $path);$code = ob_get_contents();
 ob_end_clean();
if ( !$result ){
    // There was an error with highlighting...}
else{
    // All OK :)}
 

However, these are really simple examples and doesn't even begin to cover all the advanced features of GeSHi. If you want to learn more, continue on to section 3: Advanced Features.

3 Advanced Features

This section documents the advanced features of GeSHi - strict mode, using CSS classes, changing styles on the fly, disabling highlighting of some things and more.

In this section there are many code snippets. For all of these, you should assume that the GeSHi library has been included, and a GeSHi object has been created and is referenced by the variable $geshi. Normally, the source, language and path used are arbitary.

3.1 The Code Container

The Code Container has a fundamental effect on the layout of your code before you even begin to style. What is the Code Container? It's the bit of markup that goes around your code to contain it. By default your code is surrounded by a <pre>, but you can also specify a <div>.

The <pre> header is the default. If you're familiar with HTML you'll know that whitespace is rendered "as is" by a <pre> element. The advantage for you is that if you use <pre> the whitespace you use will appear pretty much exactly how it is in the source, and what's more GeSHi won't have to add a whole lot of <br />'s and non-breaking spaces ( ) to your code to indent it. This saves you source code (and your valuable visitors waiting time and your bandwidth).

But if you don't like <pre> or it looks stupid in your browser no matter what styles you try to apply to it or something similar, you might want to use a <div> instead. A <div> will result in more source - GeSHi will have to insert whitespace markup - but in return you can wrap long lines of code that would otherwise have your browser's horizontal scrollbar appear. Of course with <div> you can not wrap lines if you please. The highlighter demo at the [GeSHi home page][][geshi-home] uses the <div> approach for this reason.

At this stage there isn't an option to wrap the code in <code> tags (unless you use the function geshi_highlight), partly because of the inconsistent and unexpected ways stuff in <code> tags is highlighted. Besides, <code> is an inline element. But this may become an option in future versions.

As of GeSHi 1.0.7.2 there is a new header type, that specifies that the code should not be wrapped in anything at all.

Another requested addition has been made in GeSHi 1.0.7.20 to force GeSHi to create a block around the highlighted source even if this wasn't necessary, thus styles that are applied to the output of GeSHi can directly influence the code only even if headers and footers are present.

To change/set the header to use, you call the set_header_type() method. It has one required argument which defines the container type. Available are:

$geshi->set_header_type(GESHI_HEADER_DIV);

Puts a <div> around both, code and linenumbers. Whitespace is converted to   sequences (i.e. one whitespace and the html entity of a non-breaking whitespace) to keep your indendation level in tact. Tabs are converted as well and you can manually [define the tab-width][]. Lines are automatically wrapped. Linenumbers are created using an ordered list.

$geshi->set_header_type(GESHI_HEADER_PRE);

Wraps code and linenumbers in a <pre> container. This way whitespace is kept as-is and thus this header produces less overhead then the GESHI_HEADER_DIV header type. Since linenumbers are still created using an ordered list this header type produces invalid HTML.

$geshi->set_header_type(GESHI_HEADER_PRE_VALID);

_Available since 1.0.8_

When linenumbers are disabled, this behaves just like GESHI_HEADER_PRE. In the other case though, a <div> is used to wrap the code and linenumbers and the <pre> is put inside the list items (<li>). This means slightly larger HTML output compared to GESHI_HEADER_PRE, but the output is valid HTML.

$geshi->set_header_type(GESHI_HEADER_PRE_TABLE);

_Available since 1.0.8_

Once again a <div> tag wraps the output. This time though no ordered list is used to create an ordered list, but instead we use a table with two cells in a single row. The left cell contains a <pre> tag which holds all linenumbers. The second cell holds the highlighted code, also wrapped in a <pre> tag, just like with GESHI_HEADER_PRE.

This produces valid HTML and works around the nasty selection behaviour of Firefox and other Gecko based browsers, see SF#1651996 for more information.

$geshi->set_header_type(GESHI_HEADER_NONE);

_Available since 1.0.7.2_

No wrapper is added.

Those are the only arguments you should pass to set_header_type. Passing anything else may cause inconsistencies in what is used as the Code Container (although it should simply use a <pre>). Better not to risk it.

3.2 Line Numbers

GeSHi has the ability to add line numbers to your code (see the demo available at http://qbnz.com/highlighter/demo.php to see what can be achieved). Line numbers are a great way to make your code look professional, especially if you use the fancy line numbers feature.

There are multiple methods for highlighting line numbers, but none of them is perfect. Of the various ways to highlight line numbers GeSHi itself implements 2 different approaches, but allows you by the way it generates the code to do the line numbers yourself if necessary - but more on this case later.

The easiest approach is using the <ol>-tag for generating the line numbers, but even though this is the easiest one there's a big drawback with this one when using Gecko-engine based browsers like Firefox or Konqueror. In these browsers this approach will select the line numbers along with the code or will include extra markup in the selection.

The other approach has been implemented in the 1.0.8 release of GeSHi with the GESHI_HEADER_PRE_TABLE header type. When using this header type the line numbers are rendered apart from the source in a table cell while the actual source is formatted as if the GESHI_HEADER_PRE header had been used. This approach works with Firefox and other Gecko-based browsers so far although extreme care has to be taken when applying styles to your source as Windows has some fonts where bold font is of different height than normal or italic text of the same fontface.

3.2.1 Enabling Line Numbers

To highlight a source with line numbers, you call the enable_line_numbers() method:

$geshi->enable_line_numbers($flag); Where $flag is one of the following:

• GESHI_NORMAL_LINE_NUMBERS - Use normal line numbering
• GESHI_FANCY_LINE_NUMBERS - Use fancy line numbering
• GESHI_NO_LINE_NUMBERS - Disable line numbers (default)

Normal line numbers means you specify a style for them, and that style gets applied to all of them. Fancy line numbers means that you can specify a different style for each n^th line number. You change the value of n (default 5):

$geshi->enable_line_numbers(GESHI_FANCY_LINE_NUMBERS, 37);

The second parameter is not used in any other mode. Setting it to 0 is the same as simply using normal line numbers. Setting it to 1 applies the fancy style to every line number.

3.2.2 Styling Line Numbers

As of GeSHi 1.0.2, line numbers are added by the use of ordered lists. This solves the old issues of line number styles inheriting from styles meant for the code. Also, this solves an important issue about selecting code. For example, line numbers look nice, but when you go to select the code in your browser to copy it? You got the line numbers too! Not such a good thing, but thankfully this issue is now solved. What is the price? Unfortunately the whole way that styles are inherited/used has changed for those of you who were familiar with 1.0.1, and there is quite a bit more HTML involved. So think carefully about these things before you enable line numbers.

Now, onto how to style line numbers:

Styles are set for line numbers using the set_line_style() method:

$geshi->set_line_style('background: #fcfcfc;');

If you're using Fancy Line Numbers mode, you pass a second string for the style of the n^th line number:

$geshi->set_line_style('background: #fcfcfc;', 'background: #f0f0f0;');

The second style will have no effect if you're not using Fancy Line Numbers mode.

By default, the styles you pass overwrite the current styles. Add a boolean "true" after the styles you specify to combine them with the current styles:

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$geshi->set_line_style('background: red;', true);
 // or, for fancy line numbers
$geshi->set_line_style('background: red;', 'background: blue;', true); 

3.2.3 Choosing a Start Number

As of GeSHi 1.0.2, you can now make the line numbers start at any number, rather than just 1. This feature is useful if you're highlighting code from a file from around a certain line number in that file, as an additional guide to those who will view the code. You set the line numbers by calling the start_line_numbers_at() method:

$geshi->start_line_numbers_at($number);

$number must be a positive integer (or zero). If it is not, GeSHi will convert it anyway.

If you have not enabled line numbers, this will have no effect.

3.3 Using CSS Classes

Using CSS to highlight your code instead of in-lining the styles is a definate bonus. Not only is it more compliant (the w3c is deprecating the style attribute in XHTML 2.0) but it results in far less outputted code - up to a whopping 90% saving - which makes a *huge* difference to those unlucky of us on modems!

3.3.1 Enabling CSS Classes

By default, GeSHi doesn't use the classes, so it's easy just to whack out some highlighted code if you need without worrying about stylesheets. However, if you're a bit more organised about it, you should use the classes ;). To turn the use of classes on, you call the enable_classes() method:

$geshi->enable_classes();

If you want to turn classes OFF for some reason later:

$geshi->enable_classes(false);

If classes are enabled when parse_code() is called, then the resultant source will use CSS classes in the output, otherwise it will in-line the styles. The advantages of using classes are great - the reduction in source will be very noticeable, and what's more you can use one stylesheet for several different highlights on the same page. In fact, you can even use an external stylesheet and link to that, saving even more time and source (because stylesheets are cached by browsers).

3.3.2 Setting the CSS class and ID

You can set an overall CSS class and id for the code. This is a good feature that allows you to use the same stylesheet for many different snippets of code. You call set_overall_class() and set_overall_id to accomplish this:

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$geshi->set_overall_class('mycode');
$geshi->set_overall_id('dk48ck'); 

The default classname is the name of the language being used. This means you can use just the one stylesheet for all sources that use the same language, and incidentally means that you probably won't have to call these methods too often.

CSS IDs are supposed to be unique, and you should use them as such. Basically, you can specify an ID for your code and then use that ID to highlight that code in a unique way. You'd do this for a block of code that you expressly wanted to be highlighted in a different way (see the section below on gettting the stylesheet for your code for an example).

3.3.3 Getting the stylesheet for your code

The other half of using CSS classes is getting the stylesheet for use with the classes. GeSHi makes it very easy to get a stylesheet for your code, with one easy method call:

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$geshi->enable_classes();
 // Here we have code that will spit out a header for
// a stylesheet. For example: 
echo '<html><head><title>Code</title>
<style type="text/css"><!--';
// Echo out the stylesheet for this code blockecho $geshi->get_stylesheet();
 // And continue echoing the page
 echo '-->
</style></head><body>';
 

The get_stylesheet() method gets the stylesheet for your code in one easy call. All you need to do is output it in the correct place. As you can also see, you don't even have to enable class usage to get the stylesheet nessecary either - however not enabling classes but using the stylesheet may result in problems later.

By default, get_stylesheet() tries to echo the least amount of code possible. Although currently it doesn't check to see if a certain lexic is even in the source, you can expect this feature in the future. At least for the present however, if you explicitly disable the highlighting of a certain lexic, or disable line numbers, the related CSS will not be outputted. This may be a bad thing for you perhaps you're going to use the stylesheet for many blocks of code, some with line numbers, others with some lexic enabled where this source has it disabled. Or perhaps you're building an external stylesheet and want all lexics included. So to get around this problem, you do this:

$geshi->get_stylesheet(false);

This turns economy mode off, and all of the stylesheet will be outputted regardless.

Now lets say you have several snippets of code, using the same language. In most of them you don't mind if they're highlighted the same way (in fact, that's exactly what you want) but in one of them you'd like the source to be highlighted differently. Here's how you can do that:

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// assume path is the default "geshi/" relative to the current directory
 $geshi1 = new GeSHi($source1, $lang);
$geshi2 = new GeSHi($source2, $lang); 
$geshi3 = new GeSHi($source3, $lang); 
// Turn classes on for all sources$geshi1->enable_classes();
 $geshi2->enable_classes();
$geshi3->enable_classes(); 
// Make $geshi3 unique$geshi3->set_overall_id('different');
  
//// Methods are called on $geshi3 to change styles...
// 
echo '<html><head><title>Code</title>
 <style type="text/css">
<!--';
 // Get the nessecary stylesheets
echo $geshi1->get_stylesheet(); 
echo $geshi3->get_stylesheet(); 
echo '--></style></head>
<body>'; 
 echo 'Code snippet 1:';
echo $geshi1->parse_code();echo 'Code snippet 2 (same highlighting as 1):';
 echo $geshi2->parse_code();
echo 'Code snippet 3 (DIFFERENT highlighting):';echo $geshi3->parse_code();
  
echo '</body></html>'; 

Before version 1.0.2, you needed to set the class of the code you wanted to be unique to the empty string. This limitation has been removed in version 1.0.2 - if you set the ID of a block of code, all styling will be done based on that ID alone.

3.3.4 Using an External Stylesheet

An external stylesheet can reduce even more the amount of code needed to highlight some source. However there are some drawbacks with this. To use an external stylesheet, it's up to you to link it in to your document, normally with the following HTML:

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<html>
<head><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="url_to_stylesheet.css" />
 

In your external stylesheet you put CSS declarations for your code. Then just make sure you're using the correct class (use set_overall_class() to ensure this) and this should work fine.

This method is great if you don't mind the source always being highlighted the same (in particular, if you're making a plugin for a forum/wiki/other system, using an external stylesheet is a good idea!). It saves a small amount of code and your bandwidth, and it's relatively easy to just change the stylesheet should you need to. However, using this will render the methods that change the styles of the code useless, because of course the stylesheet is no longer being dynamically generated. You can still disable highlighting of certain lexics dynamically, however.

3.4 Changing Styles

One of the more powerful features of GeSHi is the ability to change the style of the output dynamically. Why be chained to the boring styles the language authors make up? You can change almost every single aspect of highlighted code - and can even say whether something is to be highlighted at all.

If you're confused about "styles", you probably want to have a quick tutorial in them so you know what you can do with them. Checkout the homepage of CSS at http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS.

3.4.1 The Overall Styles

The code outputted by GeSHi is either in a <div> or a <pre> (see the section entitled "The Code Container"), and this can be styled.

$geshi->set_overall_style('... styles ...'); Where styles is a string containing valid CSS declarations. By default, these styles overwrite the current styles, but you can change this by adding a second parameter:

$geshi->set_overall_style('color: blue;', true); The default styles "shine through" wherever anything isn't highlighted. Also, you can apply more advanced styles, like position: (fixed|relative) etc, because a <div>/<pre> is a block level element.

3.4.2 Line Number Styles

You may wish to refer to the section [Styling Line Numbers][1] before reading this section.

As of version 1.0.2, the way line numbers are generated is different, so therefore the way that they are styled is different. In particular, now you cannot set the background style of the fancy line numbers to be different from that of the normal line numbers.

Line number styles are set by using the method set_line_style:

$geshi->set_line_style($style1, $style2);

$style1 is the style of the line numbers by default, and $style2 is the style of the fancy line numbers.

3.4.3 Setting Keyword Styles

Perhaps the most regular change you will make will be to the styles of a keyword set. In order to change the styles for a particular set, you'll have to know what the set is called first. Sets are numbered from 1 up. Typically, set 1 contains keywords like if, while, do, for, switch etc, set 2 contains null, false, true etc, set 3 contains function inbuilt into the language (echo, htmlspecialchars etc. in PHP) and set 4 contains data types and similar variable modifiers: int, double, real, static etc. However these things are not fixed, and you should check the language file to see what key you want. Having a familiarity with a language file is definately a plus for using it.

To change the styles for a keyword set, call the set_keyword_group_style() method:

$geshi->set_keyword_group_style($group, $styles);

Where $group is the group to change the styles for and $styles is a string containing the styles to apply to that group.

By default, the styles you pass overwrite the current styles. Add a boolean true after the styles you specify to combine them with the current styles:

$geshi->set_keyword_group_style(3, 'color: white;', true);

3.4.4 Setting Comment Styles

To change the styles for a comment group, call the set_comments_style() method:

$geshi->set_comments_style($group, $styles);

Where $group is either a number corresponding to a single-line comment, or the string 'MULTI' to specify multiline comments:

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$geshi->set_comments_style(1, 'font-style: italic;');
$geshi->set_comments_style('MULTI', 'display: hidden;'); 

By default, the styles you pass overwrite the current styles. Add a boolean true after the styles you specify to combine them with the current styles:

$geshi->set_comments_style(1, 'font-weight: 100;', true);

3.4.5 Setting Other Styles

GeSHi can highlight many other aspects of your source other than just keywords and comments. Strings, Numbers, Methods and Brackets among other things can all also be highlighted. Here are the related methods:

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$geshi->set_escape_characters_style($styles[, $preserve_defaults]);
$geshi->set_symbols_style($styles[, $preserve_defaults]); 
$geshi->set_strings_style($styles[, $preserve_defaults]);$geshi->set_numbers_style($styles[, $preserve_defaults]);
$geshi->set_methods_style($key, $styles[, $preserve_defaults]);$geshi->set_regexps_style($key, $styles[, $preserve_defaults]);
 

$styles is a string containing valid stylesheet declarations, while $preserve_defaults should be set to true if you want your styles to be merged with the previous styles. In the case of set_methods_style(), you should select a group to set the styles of, check the language files for the number used for each "object splitter".

Like this was possible for set_method_style a new parameter has been introduced for set_symbols_style too which allows you to select the group of symbols for which you'd like to change your style. $geshi->set_symbols_style($styles[, $preserve_defaults[, $group]]); If the third parameter is not given, group 0 is assumed. Furthermore you should note that any changes to group 0 are also reflected in the bracket style, i.e. a pass-through call to set_bracket_style is made.

3.5 Case Sensitivity and Auto Casing

Controlling the case of the outputted source is an easy job with GeSHi. You can control which keywords are converted in case, and also control whether keywords are checked in a case sensitive manner.

3.5.1 Auto-Caps/NoCaps

Auto-Caps/NoCaps is a nifty little feature that capitalises or lowercases automatically certain lexics when they are styled. I dabble in QuickBASIC, a dialect of BASIC which is well known for it's capatalisation, and SQL is another language well known for using caps for readability.

To change what case lexics are rendered in, you call the set_case_keywords() method:

$geshi->set_case_keywords($caps_modifier);

The valid values to pass to this method are:

• GESHI_CAPS_NO_CHANGE - Don't change the case of any lexics, leave as they are found
• GESHI_CAPS_UPPER - Uppercase all lexics found
• GESHI_CAPS_LOWER - Lowercase all lexics found

I suspect this will only be used to specify GESHI_CAPS_NO_CHANGE to turn off autocaps for languages like SQL and BASIC variants, like so:

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$geshi = new GeSHi($source, 'sql');
$geshi->set_case_keywords(GESHI_CAPS_NO_CHANGE); // don't want keywords capatalised 

All the same, it can be used for some interesting effects:

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$geshi = new GeSHi($source, 'java');
// Anyone who's used java knows how picky it is about CapitalLetters...$geshi->set_case_keywords(GESHI_CAPS_LOWER);
// No *way* the source will look right now ;) 

3.5.2 Setting Case Sensitivity

Some languages, like PHP, don't mind what case function names and keywords are in, while others, like Java, depend on such pickiness to maintain their bad reputations ;). In any event, you can use the set_case_sensitivity() to change the case sensitiveness of a particular keyword group from the default:

$geshi->set_case_sensitivity($key, $sensitivity);

Where $key is the key of the group for which you wish to change case sensitivness for (see the language file for that language), and $sensitivity is a boolean value - true if the keyword is case sensitive, and false if not.

3.6 Changing the Source, Language, Config Options

What happens if you want to change the source to be highlighted on the fly, or the language. Or if you want to specify any of those basic fields after you've created a GeSHi object? Well, that's where these methods come in.

3.6.1 Changing the Source Code

To change the source code, you call the set_source() method:

$geshi->set_source($newsource);

Example:

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$geshi = new GeSHi($source1, 'php');
 // Method calls to specify various options...
 $code1 = $geshi->parse_code();
 $geshi->set_source($source2);
$code2 = $geshi->parse_code(); 

3.6.2 Changing the Language

What happens if you want to change the language used for highlighting? Just call set_language():

$geshi->set_language('newlanguage');

Example:

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$geshi = new GeSHi($source, 'php');
 $code = $geshi->parse_code();
 // Highlight GeSHi's output
$geshi->set_source($code); 
$geshi->set_language('html4strict');$geshi->enable_classes(false);
echo $geshi->parse_code(); 

As of GeSHi 1.0.5, you can use the method load_from_file() to load the source code and language from a file. Simply pass this method a file name and it will attempt to load the source and set the language.

$geshi->load_from_file($file_name, $lookup);

$file_name is the file name to use, and $lookup is an optional parameter that contains a lookup array to use for deciding which language to choose. You can use this to override GeSHi's default lookup array, which may not contain the extension of the file you're after, or perhaps does have your extension but under a different language. The lookup array is of the form:

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array(
   'lang_name' => array('extension', 'extension', ...),   'lang_name' ...
); 

Also, you can use the method get_language_name_from_extension() if you need to convert a file extension to a valid language name. This method will return the empty string if it could not find a match in the lookup, and like load_from_file it accepts an optional second parameter that contains a lookup array.

3.6.3 Changing the Language Path

What happens if all of a sudden you want to use language files from a different directory from the current language file location? You call the set_language_path() method:

$geshi->set_language_path($newpath);

It doesn't matter whether the path has a trailing slash after it or not - only that it points to a valid folder. If it doesn't, that's your tough luck ;)

3.6.4 Changing the Character Set

As of version 1.0.3, you can use the method set_encoding() to specify the character set that your source is in. Valid names are those names that are valid for the PHP mbstring library:

$geshi->set_encoding($encoding);

There is a table of valid strings for $encoding at the php.net manual linked to above. If you do not specify an encoding, or specify an invalid encoding, the character set used is ISO-8859-1.

3.7 Error Handling

What happens if you try to highlight using a language that doesn't exist? Or if GeSHi can't read a required file? The results you get may be confusing. You may check your code over and over, and never find anything wrong. GeSHi provides ways of finding out if GeSHi itself found anything wrong with what you tried to do. After highlighting, you can call the error() method:

$geshi = new GeSHi('hi', 'thisLangIsNotSupported');

echo $geshi->error(); // echoes error message

The error message you will get will look like this:

GeSHi Error: GeSHi could not find the language thisLangIsNotSupported (using path geshi/) (code 2)

The error outputted will be the last error GeSHi came across, just like how mysql_error() works.

3.8 Disabling styling of some Lexics

One disadvantage of GeSHi is that for large source files using complex languages, it can be quite slow with every option turned on. Although future releases will concentrate on the speed/resource side of highlighting, you can gain speed by disabling some of the highlighting options. This is done by using a series of set_*_highlighting methods:

set_keyword_group_highlighting($group, $flag):

Sets whether a particular $group of keywords is to be highlighted or not. Consult the necessary language file(s) to see what $group should be for each group (typically a positive integer). $flag is false if you want to disable highlighting of this group, and true if you want to re-enable higlighting of this group. If you disable a keyword group then even if the keyword group has a related URL one will not be generated for that keyword.

set_comments_highlighting($group, $flag):

Sets whether a particular $group of comments is to be highlighted or not. Consult the necessary language file(s) to see what $group should be for each group (typically a positive integer, or th string 'MULTI' for multiline comments. $flag is false if you want to disable highlighting of this group, and true if you want to re-enable highlighting of this group.

set_regexps_highlighting($regexp, $flag):

Sets whether a particular $regexp is to be highlighted or not. Consult the necessary language file(s) to see what $regexp should be for each regexp (typically a positive integer, or the string 'MULTI' for multiline comments. $flag is false if you want to disable highlighting of this group, and true if you want to re-enable highlighting of this group.

The following methods:

• set_escape_characters_highlighting($flag)
• set_symbols_highlighting($flag)
• set_strings_highlighting($flag)
• set_numbers_highlighting($flag)
• set_methods_highlighting($flag)

Work on their respective lexics (e.g. set_methods_highlighting() will disable/enable highlighting of methods). For each method, if $flag is false then the related lexics will not be highlighted at all (this means no HTML will surround the lexic like usual, saving on time and bandwidth.

In case all highlighting should be disabled or reenabled GeSHi provides two methods called disable_highlighting() and enable_highlighting($flag). The optional paramter $flag has been added in 1.0.7.21 and specifies the desired state, i.e. true (default) to turn all highlighting on, or false to turn all highlighting off. Since 1.0.7.21 the method disnable_highlighting() has become deprecated.

3.9 Setting the Tab Width

If you're using the <pre> header, tabs are handled automatically by your browser, and in general you can count on good results. However, if you're using the <div> header, you may want to specify a tab width explicitly.

Note that tabs created in this fashion won't be like normal tabs - there won't be "tab-stops" as such, instead tabs will be replaced with the specified number of spaces - just like most editors do.

To change the tab width, you call the set_tab_width() method:

$geshi->set_tab_width($width);

Where $width is the width in spaces that you'd like tabs to be.

3.10 Using Strict Mode

Some languages like to get tricky, and jump in and out of the file that they're in. For example, the vast majority of you reading this will have used a PHP file. And you know that PHP code is only executed if it's within delimiters like <?php and ?> (there are others of course...). So what happens if you do the following in a php file?

<img src="<?php echo rand(1, 100) ?>" />

When using GeSHi without strict mode, or using a bad highlighter, you'll end up with scrambled crap, especially if you're being slack about where you're putting your quotes, you could end up with the rest of your file as bright blue. Fortunately, you can tell GeSHi to be "strict" about just when it highlights and when it does not, using the enable_strict_mode() method:

$geshi->enable_strict_mode($mode);

Where $mode is true or not specified to enable strict mode, or false to disable strict mode if you've already turned it and don't want it now.

3.11 Adding/Removing Keywords

Lets say that you're working on a large project, with many files, many classes and many functions. Perhaps also you have the source code on the web and highlighted by GeSHi, perhaps as a front end to CVS, as a learning tool, something to refer to, whatever. Well, why not highlight the names of the functions and classes your project uses, as well as the standard functions and classes? Or perhaps you're not interested in highlighting certain functions, and would like to remove them? Or maybe you don't mind if an entire function group goes west in the interest of speed? GeSHi can handle all of this!

3.11.1 Adding a Keyword

If you want to add a keyword to an existing keyword group, you use the add_keyword method:

$geshi->add_keyword($key, $word);

Where $key is the index of the group of keywords you want to add this keyword to, and $word is the word to add.

This implies knowledge of the language file to know the correct index.

3.11.2 Removing a Keyword

Perhaps you want to remove a keyword from an existing group. Maybe you don't use it and want to save yourself some time. Whatever the reason, you can remove it using the remove_keyword method:

$geshi->remove_keyword($key, $word);

Where $key is the index of the group of keywords that you want to remove this keyword from, and $word is the word to remove.

This implies knowledge of the language file to know the correct index - most of the time the keywords you'll want to remove will be in group 3, but this is not guaranteed and you should check the language file first.

This function is silent - if the keyword is not in the group you specified, nothing awful will happen ;)

3.11.3 Adding a Keyword Group

Lets say for your big project you have several main functions and classes that you'd like highlighted. Why not add them as their own group instead of having them highlighted the same way as other keywords? Then you can make them stand out, and people can instantly see which functions and classes are user defined or inbuilt. Furthermore, you could set the URL for this group to point at the API documentation of your project.

You add a keyword group by using the add_keyword_group method:

$geshi->add_keyword_group($key, $styles, $case_sensitive, $words);

Where $key is the key that you want to use to refer to this group, $styles is the styles that you want to use to style this group, $case_sensitive is true or false depending on whether you want this group of keywords to be case sensitive or not and $words is an array of words (or a string) of which words to add to this group. For example:

$geshi->add_keyword_group(10, 'color: #600000;', false, array('myfunc_1', 'myfunc_2', 'myfunc_3'));

Adds a keyword group referenced by index 10, of which all keywords in the group will be dark red, each keyword can be in any case and which contains the keywords "myfunc_1", "myfunc_2" and "myfunc_3".

After creating such a keyword group, you may call other GeSHi methods on it, just as you would for any other keyword group.

3.11.4 Removing a Keyword Group

Perhaps you really need speed? Why not just remove an entire keyword group? GeSHi won't have to loop through each keyword checking for its existance, saving much time. You remove a keyword group by using the remove_keyword_group method:

$geshi->remove_keyword_group($key);

Where $key is the key of the group you wish to remove. This implies knowleged of the language file.

3.12 Headers and Footers for Your Code

So you want to add some special information to the highlighted source? GeSHi can do that too! You can specify headers and footers for your code, style them, and insert information from the highlighted source into your header or footer.

3.12.1 Keyword Substitution

In your header and footer, you can put special keywords that will be replaced with actual configuration values for this GeSHi object. The keywords you can use are:

• <TIME> or {TIME}: Is replaced by the time it took for the parse_code() method - i.e., how long it took for your code to be highlighted. The time is returned to three decimal places.
• <LANGUAGE> or {LANGUAGE}: Is replaced by a nice, friendly version of the language name used to highlight this code.
• <SPEED> or {SPEED}: Is replaced by the speed at which your source has been processed.
• <VERSION> or {VERSION}: The GeSHi version used to highlight the code.

3.12.2 Setting Header Content

The header for your code is a <div>, which is inside the containing block. Therefore, it is affected by the method set_overall_style, and should contain the sort of HTML that belongs in a <div>. You may use any HTML you like, and format it as an HTML document. You should use valid HTML - convert to entities any quotemarks or angle brackets you want displayed. You set the header content using the method set_header_content():

$geshi->set_header_content($content);

Where $content is the HTML you want to use for the header.

3.12.3 Setting Footer Content

The footer for your code is a <div>, which is inside the containing block. Therefore, it is affected by the method set_overall_style, and should contain the sort of HTML that belongs in a <div>. You may use any HTML you like, and format it as an HTML document. You should use valid HTML - convert to entities any quotemarks or angle brackets you want displayed. You set the footer content using the method set_footer_content():

$geshi->set_footer_content($content);

Where $content is the HTML you want to use for the footer.

3.12.4 Styling Header Content

You can apply styles to the header content you have set with the set_header_content_style:

$geshi->set_header_content_style($styles);

Where $styles is the stylesheet declarations you want to use to style the header content.

3.12.5 Styling Footer Content

You can apply styles to the footer content you have set with the set_footer_content_style:

$geshi->set_footer_content_style($styles);

Where $styles is the stylesheet declarations you want to use to style the footer content.

3.13 Keyword URLs

As of version 1.0.2, GeSHi allows you to specify a URL for keyword groups. This URL is used by GeSHi to convert the keywords in that group into URLs to appropriate documentation. And using add_keyword_group you can add functions and classes from your own projects and use the URL functionality to provide a link to your own API documentation.

3.13.1 Setting a URL for a Keyword Group

To set the URL to be used for a keyword group, you use the set_url_for_keyword_group() method:

$geshi->set_url_for_keyword_group($group, $url);

Where $group is the keyword group you want to assign the URL for, and $url is the URL for this group of keywords.

You may be wondering how to make each keyword in the group point to the correct URL. You do this by putting {FNAME} in the URL at the correct place. For example, PHP makes it easy by linking www.php.net/function-name to the documentation for that function, so the URL used is http://www.php.net/{FNAME}.

Of course, when you get to a language like Java, that puts its class documentation in related folders, it gets a little trickier to work out an appropriate URL (see the Java language file!). I hope to provide some kind of redirection service at the GeSHi website in the future.

3.13.2 Disabling a URL for a Keyword Group

It's easy to disable a URL for a keyword group: Simply use the method set_url_for_keyword_group() to pass an empty string as the URL:

$geshi->set_url_for_keyword_group($group, '');

3.13.3 Disabling all URLs for Keywords

As of GeSHi 1.0.7.18, you can disable all URL linking for keywords:

$geshi->enable_keyword_links(false);

3.13.4 Styling Links

You can also style the function links. You can style their default status, hovered, active and visited status. All of this is controlled by one method, set_link_styles():

$geshi->set_link_styles($mode, $styles);

Where $mode is one of four values:

• GESHI_LINK: The default style of the links.
• GESHI_HOVER: The style of the links when they have focus (the mouse is hovering over them).
• GESHI_ACTIVE: The style of the links when they are being clicked.
• GESHI_VISITED: The style of links that the user has already visited.

And $styles is the stylesheet declarations to apply to the links.

3.13.5 Setting the Link Target

Perhaps you want to set the target of link attributes, so the manual pages open in a new window? Use the set_link_target() method:

$geshi->set_link_target($target, $styles);

Where $target is any valid (X)HTML target value - _blank or _top for example.

3.14 Using Contextual Importance

This feature allows you to mark a part of your source as important. But as the implementation its use is deprecated and you should consider using the "Highlight Lines Extra" feature described below.

3.15 Highlighting Special Lines "Extra"

An alternative (and more stable) method of highlighting code that is important is to use extra highlighting by line. Although you may not know what line numbers contain the important lines, if you do this method is a much more flexible way of making important lines stand out.

3.15.1 Specifying the Lines to Highlight Extra

To specify which lines to highlight extra, you pass an array containing the line numbers to highlight_lines_extra():

$geshi->highlight_lines_extra($array);

The array could be in the form array(2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 344, 4242), made from a DB query, generated from looking through the source for certain important things and working out what line those things are... However you get the line numbers, the array should simply be an array of integers.

Here's an example, using the same source as before:

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//
// Here we go again! This time we'll simply highlight the 8th line//
$source = 'public int[][] product ( n, m ){
  int [][] ans = new int[n][m];  for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ )
  {    for ( int j = 0; i < m; j++ )
    {      ans[i][j] = i * j;
    }  }
  return ans;}';
 $geshi = new GeSHi($source, 'java');
 $geshi->highlight_lines_extra(array(8));
 echo $geshi->parse_code();
 

Which produces:

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public int[][] product ( n, m )
{  int [][] ans = new int[n][m];
  for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++ )  {
    for ( int j = 0; i < m; j++ )    {
      ans[i][j] = i * j;    }
  }  return ans;
} 

What's more, as you can see the code on a highlighted line is still actually highlighted itself.

3.15.2 Styles for the Highlighted Lines

Again as with contextual importance, you're not chained to the yellow theme that is the default. You can use the set_highlight_lines_extra_style method:

$geshi->set_highlight_lines_extra_style($styles);

Where $styles is the stylesheet declarations that you want to apply to highlighted lines.

3.16 Adding IDs to Each Line

Perhaps you're a javascript junkie? GeSHi provides a way to give each line an ID so you can access that line with javascript, or perhaps just by plain CSS (though if you want to access lines by CSS you should use the method in the previous section). To enable IDs you call the enable_ids() method:

$geshi->enable_ids($flag);

Where $flag is true or not present to enable IDs, and false to disable them again if you need.

The ID generated is in the form {overall-css-id}-{line-number}. So for example, if you set the overall CSS id to be "mycode", then the IDs for each line would by "mycode-1", "mycode-2" etc. If there is no CSS ID set, then one is made up in the form geshi-[4 random characters], but this is not so useful for if you want to do javascript manipulation.

3.17 Getting the Time of Styling

Once you've called parse_code(), you can get the time it took to run the highlighting by calling the get_time() method:

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$geshi = new GeSHi($source, $language, $path);
 $code = mysql_real_escape_string($geshi->parse_code());
$time = $geshi->get_time(); 
// do something with itmysql_query("INSERT INTO code VALUES ('$code', '$time')");
 

4 Language Files

So now you know what features GeSHi offers, and perhaps you've even meddled with the source. Or perhaps you'd like a language file for language X but it doesn't seem to be supported? Rubbish! GeSHi will highlight anything, what do you think I coded this for? ^_^ You'll just have to learn how to make a language file yourself. And I promise it's not too hard - and if you're here you're in the right place!

4.1 An Example Language File

Let's begin by looking at an example language file - the language file for the first language ever supported, PHP:

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<?php
/************************************************************************************* * php.php
 * -------- * Author: Nigel McNie (nigel@geshi.org)
 * Copyright: (c) 2004 Nigel McNie (http://qbnz.com/highlighter/) * Release Version: 1.0.8
 * Date Started: 2004/06/20 *
 * PHP language file for GeSHi. *
 * CHANGES * -------
 * 2008/05/23 (1.0.7.22) *  -  Added description of extra language features (SF#1970248)
 * 2004/11/25 (1.0.3) *  -  Added support for multiple object splitters
 *  -  Fixed &new problem * 2004/10/27 (1.0.2)
 *  -  Added URL support *  -  Added extra constants
 * 2004/08/05 (1.0.1) *  -  Added support for symbols
 * 2004/07/14 (1.0.0) *  -  First Release
 * * TODO (updated 2004/07/14)
 * ------------------------- * * Make sure the last few function I may have missed
 *   (like eval()) are included for highlighting * * Split to several files - php4, php5 etc
 * *************************************************************************************
 * *     This file is part of GeSHi.
 * *   GeSHi is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *   (at your option) any later version. *
 *   GeSHi is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the *   GNU General Public License for more details.
 * *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *   along with GeSHi; if not, write to the Free Software *   Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 * ************************************************************************************/
 $language_data = array (
    'LANG_NAME' => 'PHP',    'COMMENT_SINGLE' => array(1 => '//', 2 => '#'),
    'COMMENT_MULTI' => array('/*' => '*/'),    'HARDQUOTE' => array("'", "'"),
    'HARDESCAPE' => array("\'"),    'COMMENT_REGEXP' => array(
        //Heredoc and Nowdoc syntax        3 => '/<<<\s*?(\'?)([a-zA-Z0-9]+?)\1[^\n]*?\\n.*\\n\\2(?![a-zA-Z0-9])/siU',
        // phpdoc comments        4 => '#/\*\*(?!\*).*\*/#sU'
        ),    'CASE_KEYWORDS' => GESHI_CAPS_NO_CHANGE,
    'QUOTEMARKS' => array('"'),    'ESCAPE_CHAR' => '\\',
    'NUMBERS' => GESHI_NUMBER_INT_BASIC |  GESHI_NUMBER_OCT_PREFIX | GESHI_NUMBER_HEX_PREFIX |                 GESHI_NUMBER_FLT_SCI_ZERO,
    'KEYWORDS' => array(        1 => array(
            'include', 'require', 'include_once', 'require_once',            'for', 'foreach', 'as', 'if', 'elseif', 'else', 'while', 'do', 'endwhile',
            'endif', 'switch', 'case', 'endswitch', 'endfor', 'endforeach',            'return', 'break', 'continue'
            ),        2 => array(
            'null', '__LINE__', '__FILE__',            'false', '&lt;?php', '&lt;?', '&lt;?=', '?&gt;', '&lt;%', '&lt;%=', '%&gt;',
            '&lt;script language', '&lt;/script&gt;',            'true', 'var', 'default',
            'function', 'class', 'new', '&amp;new', 'public', 'private', 'interface', 'extends', 'self', 'const',            '__FUNCTION__', '__CLASS__', '__METHOD__', 'PHP_VERSION',
            'PHP_OS', 'DEFAULT_INCLUDE_PATH', 'PEAR_INSTALL_DIR', 'PEAR_EXTENSION_DIR',            'PHP_EXTENSION_DIR', 'PHP_BINDIR', 'PHP_LIBDIR', 'PHP_DATADIR', 'PHP_SYSCONFDIR',
            'PHP_LOCALSTATEDIR', 'PHP_CONFIG_FILE_PATH', 'PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_START', 'PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_CONT',            'PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_END', 'E_ERROR', 'E_WARNING', 'E_PARSE', 'E_NOTICE',
            'E_CORE_ERROR', 'E_CORE_WARNING', 'E_COMPILE_ERROR', 'E_COMPILE_WARNING', 'E_USER_ERROR',            'E_USER_WARNING', 'E_USER_NOTICE', 'E_ALL', 'E_STRICT'
            ),        3 => array(
            'zlib_get_coding_type','zend_version','zend_logo_guid','yp_order','yp_next',            'yp_match','yp_master','yp_get_default_domain','yp_first','yp_errno','yp_err_string',
            'yp_cat','yp_all','xml_set_unparsed_entity_decl_handler','xml_set_start_namespace_decl_handler','xml_set_processing_instruction_handler','xml_set_object',            'xml_set_notation_decl_handler','xml_set_external_entity_ref_handler','xml_set_end_namespace_decl_handler','xml_set_element_handler','xml_set_default_handler','xml_set_character_data_handler',
            'xml_parser_set_option','xml_parser_get_option','xml_parser_free','xml_parser_create_ns','xml_parser_create','xml_parse_into_struct',            'xml_parse','xml_get_error_code','xml_get_current_line_number','xml_get_current_column_number','xml_get_current_byte_index','xml_error_string',
            'wordwrap','wddx_serialize_vars','wddx_serialize_value','wddx_packet_start','wddx_packet_end','wddx_deserialize',            'wddx_add_vars','vsprintf','vprintf','virtual','version_compare','var_export',
            'var_dump','utf8_encode','utf8_decode','usort','usleep','user_error',            'urlencode','urldecode','unserialize','unregister_tick_function','unpack','unlink',
            'unixtojd','uniqid','umask','uksort','ucwords','ucfirst',            'uasort','trim','trigger_error','touch','token_name','token_get_all',
            'tmpfile','time','textdomain','tempnam','tanh','tan',            'system','syslog','symlink','substr_replace','substr_count','substr',
            'strval','strtr','strtoupper','strtotime','strtolower','strtok',            'strstr','strspn','strrpos','strrev','strrchr','strpos',
            'strncmp','strncasecmp','strnatcmp','strnatcasecmp','strlen','stristr',            'stripslashes','stripcslashes','strip_tags','strftime','stream_wrapper_register','stream_set_write_buffer',
            'stream_set_timeout','stream_set_blocking','stream_select','stream_register_wrapper','stream_get_meta_data','stream_filter_prepend',            'stream_filter_append','stream_context_set_params','stream_context_set_option','stream_context_get_options','stream_context_create','strcspn',
            'strcoll','strcmp','strchr','strcasecmp','str_word_count','str_shuffle',            'str_rot13','str_replace','str_repeat','str_pad','stat','sscanf',
            'srand','sqrt','sql_regcase','sprintf','spliti','split',            'soundex','sort','socket_writev','socket_write','socket_strerror','socket_shutdown',
            'socket_setopt','socket_set_timeout','socket_set_option','socket_set_nonblock','socket_set_blocking','socket_set_block',            'socket_sendto','socket_sendmsg','socket_send','socket_select','socket_recvmsg','socket_recvfrom',
            'socket_recv','socket_readv','socket_read','socket_listen','socket_last_error','socket_iovec_set',            'socket_iovec_free','socket_iovec_fetch','socket_iovec_delete','socket_iovec_alloc','socket_iovec_add','socket_getsockname',
            'socket_getpeername','socket_getopt','socket_get_status','socket_get_option','socket_create_pair','socket_create_listen',            'socket_create','socket_connect','socket_close','socket_clear_error','socket_bind','socket_accept',
            'sleep','sizeof','sinh','sin','similar_text','shuffle',            'show_source','shmop_write','shmop_size','shmop_read','shmop_open','shmop_delete',
            'shmop_close','shm_remove_var','shm_remove','shm_put_var','shm_get_var','shm_detach',            'shm_attach','shell_exec','sha1_file','sha1','settype','setlocale',
            'setcookie','set_time_limit','set_socket_blocking','set_magic_quotes_runtime','set_include_path','set_file_buffer',            'set_error_handler','session_write_close','session_unset','session_unregister','session_start','session_set_save_handler',
            'session_set_cookie_params','session_save_path','session_register','session_regenerate_id','session_name','session_module_name',            'session_is_registered','session_id','session_get_cookie_params','session_encode','session_destroy','session_decode',
            'session_cache_limiter','session_cache_expire','serialize','sem_remove','sem_release','sem_get',            'sem_acquire','rtrim','rsort','round','rmdir','rewinddir',
            'rewind','restore_include_path','restore_error_handler','reset','rename','register_tick_function',            'register_shutdown_function','realpath','readlink','readgzfile','readfile','readdir',
            'read_exif_data','rawurlencode','rawurldecode','range','rand','rad2deg',            'quotemeta','quoted_printable_decode','putenv','proc_open','proc_close','printf',
            'print_r','prev','preg_split','preg_replace_callback','preg_replace','preg_quote',            'preg_match_all','preg_match','preg_grep','pow','posix_uname','posix_ttyname',
            'posix_times','posix_strerror','posix_setuid','posix_setsid','posix_setpgid','posix_setgid',            'posix_seteuid','posix_setegid','posix_mkfifo','posix_kill','posix_isatty','posix_getuid',
            'posix_getsid','posix_getrlimit','posix_getpwuid','posix_getpwnam','posix_getppid','posix_getpid',            'posix_getpgrp','posix_getpgid','posix_getlogin','posix_getgroups','posix_getgrnam','posix_getgrgid',
            'posix_getgid','posix_geteuid','posix_getegid','posix_getcwd','posix_get_last_error','posix_errno',            'posix_ctermid','pos','popen','pi','phpversion','phpinfo',
            'phpcredits','php_uname','php_sapi_name','php_logo_guid','php_ini_scanned_files','pg_update',            'pg_untrace','pg_unescape_bytea','pg_tty','pg_trace','pg_setclientencoding','pg_set_client_encoding',
            'pg_send_query','pg_select','pg_result_status','pg_result_seek','pg_result_error','pg_result',            'pg_query','pg_put_line','pg_port','pg_ping','pg_pconnect','pg_options',
            'pg_numrows','pg_numfields','pg_num_rows','pg_num_fields','pg_meta_data','pg_lowrite',            'pg_lounlink','pg_loreadall','pg_loread','pg_loopen','pg_loimport','pg_loexport',
            'pg_locreate','pg_loclose','pg_lo_write','pg_lo_unlink','pg_lo_tell','pg_lo_seek',            'pg_lo_read_all','pg_lo_read','pg_lo_open','pg_lo_import','pg_lo_export','pg_lo_create',
            'pg_lo_close','pg_last_oid','pg_last_notice','pg_last_error','pg_insert','pg_host',            'pg_getlastoid','pg_get_result','pg_get_pid','pg_get_notify','pg_freeresult','pg_free_result',
            'pg_fieldtype','pg_fieldsize','pg_fieldprtlen','pg_fieldnum','pg_fieldname','pg_fieldisnull',            'pg_field_type','pg_field_size','pg_field_prtlen','pg_field_num','pg_field_name','pg_field_is_null',
            'pg_fetch_row','pg_fetch_result','pg_fetch_object','pg_fetch_assoc','pg_fetch_array','pg_fetch_all',            'pg_exec','pg_escape_string','pg_escape_bytea','pg_errormessage','pg_end_copy','pg_delete',
            'pg_dbname','pg_copy_to','pg_copy_from','pg_convert','pg_connection_status','pg_connection_reset',            'pg_connection_busy','pg_connect','pg_cmdtuples','pg_close','pg_clientencoding','pg_client_encoding',
            'pg_cancel_query','pg_affected_rows','pfsockopen','pclose','pathinfo','passthru',            'parse_url','parse_str','parse_ini_file','pack','overload','output_reset_rewrite_vars',
            'output_add_rewrite_var','ord','openssl_x509_read','openssl_x509_parse','openssl_x509_free','openssl_x509_export_to_file',            'openssl_x509_export','openssl_x509_checkpurpose','openssl_x509_check_private_key','openssl_verify','openssl_sign','openssl_seal',
            'openssl_public_encrypt','openssl_public_decrypt','openssl_private_encrypt','openssl_private_decrypt','openssl_pkey_new','openssl_pkey_get_public',            'openssl_pkey_get_private','openssl_pkey_free','openssl_pkey_export_to_file','openssl_pkey_export','openssl_pkcs7_verify','openssl_pkcs7_sign',
            'openssl_pkcs7_encrypt','openssl_pkcs7_decrypt','openssl_open','openssl_get_publickey','openssl_get_privatekey','openssl_free_key',            'openssl_error_string','openssl_csr_sign','openssl_csr_new','openssl_csr_export_to_file','openssl_csr_export','openlog',
            'opendir','octdec','ob_start','ob_list_handlers','ob_implicit_flush','ob_iconv_handler',            'ob_gzhandler','ob_get_status','ob_get_level','ob_get_length','ob_get_flush','ob_get_contents',
            'ob_get_clean','ob_flush','ob_end_flush','ob_end_clean','ob_clean','number_format',            'nl_langinfo','nl2br','ngettext','next','natsort','natcasesort',
            'mysql_unbuffered_query','mysql_thread_id','mysql_tablename','mysql_table_name','mysql_stat','mysql_selectdb',            'mysql_select_db','mysql_result','mysql_real_escape_string','mysql_query','mysql_ping','mysql_pconnect',
            'mysql_numrows','mysql_numfields','mysql_num_rows','mysql_num_fields','mysql_listtables','mysql_listfields',            'mysql_listdbs','mysql_list_tables','mysql_list_processes','mysql_list_fields','mysql_list_dbs','mysql_insert_id',
            'mysql_info','mysql_get_server_info','mysql_get_proto_info','mysql_get_host_info','mysql_get_client_info','mysql_freeresult',            'mysql_free_result','mysql_fieldtype','mysql_fieldtable','mysql_fieldname','mysql_fieldlen','mysql_fieldflags',
            'mysql_field_type','mysql_field_table','mysql_field_seek','mysql_field_name','mysql_field_len','mysql_field_flags',            'mysql_fetch_row','mysql_fetch_object','mysql_fetch_lengths','mysql_fetch_field','mysql_fetch_assoc','mysql_fetch_array',
            'mysql_escape_string','mysql_error','mysql_errno','mysql_dropdb','mysql_drop_db','mysql_dbname',            'mysql_db_query','mysql_db_name','mysql_data_seek','mysql_createdb','mysql_create_db','mysql_connect',
            'mysql_close','mysql_client_encoding','mysql_affected_rows','mysql','mt_srand','mt_rand',            'mt_getrandmax','move_uploaded_file','money_format','mktime','mkdir','min',
            'microtime','method_exists','metaphone','memory_get_usage','md5_file','md5',            'mbsubstr','mbstrrpos','mbstrpos','mbstrlen','mbstrcut','mbsplit',
            'mbregex_encoding','mberegi_replace','mberegi','mbereg_search_setpos','mbereg_search_regs','mbereg_search_pos',            'mbereg_search_init','mbereg_search_getregs','mbereg_search_getpos','mbereg_search','mbereg_replace','mbereg_match',
            'mbereg','mb_substr_count','mb_substr','mb_substitute_character','mb_strwidth','mb_strtoupper',            'mb_strtolower','mb_strrpos','mb_strpos','mb_strlen','mb_strimwidth','mb_strcut',
            'mb_split','mb_send_mail','mb_regex_set_options','mb_regex_encoding','mb_preferred_mime_name','mb_parse_str',            'mb_output_handler','mb_language','mb_internal_encoding','mb_http_output','mb_http_input','mb_get_info',
            'mb_eregi_replace','mb_eregi','mb_ereg_search_setpos','mb_ereg_search_regs','mb_ereg_search_pos','mb_ereg_search_init',            'mb_ereg_search_getregs','mb_ereg_search_getpos','mb_ereg_search','mb_ereg_replace','mb_ereg_match','mb_ereg',
            'mb_encode_numericentity','mb_encode_mimeheader','mb_detect_order','mb_detect_encoding','mb_decode_numericentity','mb_decode_mimeheader',            'mb_convert_variables','mb_convert_kana','mb_convert_encoding','mb_convert_case','max','mail',
            'magic_quotes_runtime','ltrim','lstat','long2ip','log1p','log10',            'log','localtime','localeconv','linkinfo','link','levenshtein',
            'lcg_value','ksort','krsort','key_exists','key','juliantojd',            'join','jewishtojd','jdtounix','jdtojulian','jdtojewish','jdtogregorian',
            'jdtofrench','jdmonthname','jddayofweek','is_writeable','is_writable','is_uploaded_file',            'is_subclass_of','is_string','is_scalar','is_resource','is_real','is_readable',
            'is_object','is_numeric','is_null','is_nan','is_long','is_link',            'is_integer','is_int','is_infinite','is_float','is_finite','is_file',
            'is_executable','is_double','is_dir','is_callable','is_bool','is_array',            'is_a','iptcparse','iptcembed','ip2long','intval','ini_set',
            'ini_restore','ini_get_all','ini_get','ini_alter','in_array','import_request_variables',            'implode','image_type_to_mime_type','ignore_user_abort','iconv_set_encoding','iconv_get_encoding','iconv',
            'i18n_mime_header_encode','i18n_mime_header_decode','i18n_ja_jp_hantozen','i18n_internal_encoding','i18n_http_output','i18n_http_input',            'i18n_discover_encoding','i18n_convert','hypot','htmlspecialchars','htmlentities','html_entity_decode',
            'highlight_string','highlight_file','hexdec','hebrevc','hebrev','headers_sent',            'header','gzwrite','gzuncompress','gztell','gzseek','gzrewind',
            'gzread','gzputs','gzpassthru','gzopen','gzinflate','gzgetss',            'gzgets','gzgetc','gzfile','gzeof','gzencode','gzdeflate',
            'gzcompress','gzclose','gregoriantojd','gmstrftime','gmmktime','gmdate',            'glob','gettype','gettimeofday','gettext','getservbyport','getservbyname',
            'getrusage','getrandmax','getprotobynumber','getprotobyname','getopt','getmyuid',            'getmypid','getmyinode','getmygid','getmxrr','getlastmod','getimagesize',
            'gethostbynamel','gethostbyname','gethostbyaddr','getenv','getdate','getcwd',            'getallheaders','get_resource_type','get_required_files','get_parent_class','get_object_vars','get_meta_tags',
            'get_magic_quotes_runtime','get_magic_quotes_gpc','get_loaded_extensions','get_included_files','get_include_path','get_html_translation_table',            'get_extension_funcs','get_defined_vars','get_defined_functions','get_defined_constants','get_declared_classes','get_current_user',
            'get_class_vars','get_class_methods','get_class','get_cfg_var','get_browser','fwrite',            'function_exists','func_num_args','func_get_args','func_get_arg','ftruncate','ftp_systype',
            'ftp_ssl_connect','ftp_size','ftp_site','ftp_set_option','ftp_rmdir','ftp_rename',            'ftp_rawlist','ftp_quit','ftp_pwd','ftp_put','ftp_pasv','ftp_nlist',
            'ftp_nb_put','ftp_nb_get','ftp_nb_fput','ftp_nb_fget','ftp_nb_continue','ftp_mkdir',            'ftp_mdtm','ftp_login','ftp_get_option','ftp_get','ftp_fput','ftp_fget',
            'ftp_exec','ftp_delete','ftp_connect','ftp_close','ftp_chdir','ftp_cdup',            'ftok','ftell','fstat','fsockopen','fseek','fscanf',
            'frenchtojd','fread','fputs','fpassthru','fopen','fnmatch',            'fmod','flush','floor','flock','floatval','filetype',
            'filesize','filepro_rowcount','filepro_retrieve','filepro_fieldwidth','filepro_fieldtype','filepro_fieldname',            'filepro_fieldcount','filepro','fileperms','fileowner','filemtime','fileinode',
            'filegroup','filectime','fileatime','file_get_contents','file_exists','file',            'fgetss','fgets','fgetcsv','fgetc','fflush','feof',
            'fclose','ezmlm_hash','extract','extension_loaded','expm1','explode',            'exp','exif_thumbnail','exif_tagname','exif_read_data','exif_imagetype','exec',
            'escapeshellcmd','escapeshellarg','error_reporting','error_log','eregi_replace','eregi',            'ereg_replace','ereg','end','easter_days','easter_date','each',
            'doubleval','dngettext','dl','diskfreespace','disk_total_space','disk_free_space',            'dirname','dir','dgettext','deg2rad','defined','define_syslog_variables',
            'define','decoct','dechex','decbin','debug_zval_dump','debug_backtrace',            'deaggregate','dcngettext','dcgettext','dba_sync','dba_replace','dba_popen',
            'dba_optimize','dba_open','dba_nextkey','dba_list','dba_insert','dba_handlers',            'dba_firstkey','dba_fetch','dba_exists','dba_delete','dba_close','date',
            'current','ctype_xdigit','ctype_upper','ctype_space','ctype_punct','ctype_print',            'ctype_lower','ctype_graph','ctype_digit','ctype_cntrl','ctype_alpha','ctype_alnum',
            'crypt','create_function','crc32','count_chars','count','cosh',            'cos','copy','convert_cyr_string','constant','connection_status','connection_aborted',
            'compact','closelog','closedir','clearstatcache','class_exists','chunk_split',            'chr','chown','chop','chmod','chgrp','checkdnsrr',
            'checkdate','chdir','ceil','call_user_method_array','call_user_method','call_user_func_array',            'call_user_func','cal_to_jd','cal_info','cal_from_jd','cal_days_in_month','bzwrite',
            'bzread','bzopen','bzflush','bzerrstr','bzerror','bzerrno',            'bzdecompress','bzcompress','bzclose','bindtextdomain','bindec','bind_textdomain_codeset',
            'bin2hex','bcsub','bcsqrt','bcscale','bcpow','bcmul',            'bcmod','bcdiv','bccomp','bcadd','basename','base_convert',
            'base64_encode','base64_decode','atanh','atan2','atan','assert_options',            'assert','asort','asinh','asin','arsort','array_walk',
            'array_values','array_unshift','array_unique','array_sum','array_splice','array_slice',            'array_shift','array_search','array_reverse','array_reduce','array_rand','array_push',
            'array_pop','array_pad','array_multisort','array_merge_recursive','array_merge','array_map',            'array_keys','array_key_exists','array_intersect_assoc','array_intersect','array_flip','array_filter',
            'array_fill','array_diff_assoc','array_diff','array_count_values','array_chunk','array_change_key_case',            'apache_setenv','apache_response_headers','apache_request_headers','apache_note','apache_lookup_uri','apache_get_version',
            'apache_child_terminate','aggregation_info','aggregate_properties_by_regexp','aggregate_properties_by_list','aggregate_properties','aggregate_methods_by_regexp',            'aggregate_methods_by_list','aggregate_methods','aggregate','addslashes','addcslashes','acosh',
            'acos','abs','_','echo', 'print', 'global', 'static', 'exit', 'array', 'empty',            'eval', 'isset', 'unset', 'die', 'list'
            )        ),
    'SYMBOLS' => array(        '(', ')', '[', ']', '{', '}',
        '!', '@', '%', '&', '|', '/',        '<', '>',
        '=', '-', '+', '*',        '.', ':', ',', ';'
        ),    'CASE_SENSITIVE' => array(
        GESHI_COMMENTS => false,        1 => false,
        2 => false,        3 => false,
        ),    'STYLES' => array(
        'KEYWORDS' => array(            1 => 'color: #b1b100;',
            2 => 'color: #000000; font-weight: bold;',            3 => 'color: #990000;'
            ),        'COMMENTS' => array(
            1 => 'color: #666666; font-style: italic;',            2 => 'color: #666666; font-style: italic;',
            3 => 'color: #0000cc; font-style: italic;',            4 => 'color: #0000ff; font-style: italic;',
            'MULTI' => 'color: #666666; font-style: italic;'            ),
        'ESCAPE_CHAR' => array(            0 => 'color: #000099; font-weight: bold;',
            'HARD' => 'color: #000099; font-weight: bold;'            ),
        'BRACKETS' => array(            0 => 'color: #009900;'
            ),        'STRINGS' => array(
            0 => 'color: #0000ff;',            'HARD' => 'color: #0000ff;'
            ),        'NUMBERS' => array(
            0 => 'color: #cc66cc;',            GESHI_NUMBER_OCT_PREFIX => 'color: #208080;',
            GESHI_NUMBER_HEX_PREFIX => 'color: #208080;',            GESHI_NUMBER_FLT_SCI_ZERO => 'color:#800080;',
            ),        'METHODS' => array(
            1 => 'color: #004000;',            2 => 'color: #004000;'
            ),        'SYMBOLS' => array(
            0 => 'color: #339933;'            ),
        'REGEXPS' => array(            0 => 'color: #000088;'
            ),        'SCRIPT' => array(
            0 => '',            1 => '',
            2 => '',            3 => '',
            4 => '',            5 => ''
            )        ),
    'URLS' => array(        1 => '',
        2 => '',        3 => 'http://www.php.net/{FNAMEL}'
        ),    'OOLANG' => true,
    'OBJECT_SPLITTERS' => array(        1 => '-&gt;',
        2 => '::'        ),
    'REGEXPS' => array(        //Variables
        0 => "[\\$]{1,2}[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*"        ),
    'STRICT_MODE_APPLIES' => GESHI_MAYBE,    'SCRIPT_DELIMITERS' => array(
        0 => array(            '<?php' => '?>'
            ),        1 => array(
            '<?' => '?>'            ),
        2 => array(            '<%' => '%>'
            ),        3 => array(
            '<script language="php">' => '</script>'            ),
        4 => "/(<\?(?:php)?)(?:'[^']*?'|\"[^\"]*?\"|\/\*(?!\*\/).*?\*\/|.)*?(\?>|\Z)/sm",        5 => "/(<%)(?:'[^']*?'|\"[^\"]*?\"|\/\*(?!\*\/).*?\*\/|.)*?(%>|\Z)/sm"
        ),    'HIGHLIGHT_STRICT_BLOCK' => array(
        0 => true,        1 => true,
        2 => true,        3 => true,
        4 => true,        5 => true
        ),    'TAB_WIDTH' => 4
); 
?> 

If you're remotely familiar with PHP (or even if you're not), you can see that all that a language file consists of is a glorified variable assignment. Easy! All a language file does is assign a variable $language_data. Though still, there's a lot of indices to that array... but this section is here to break each index down and explain it to you.

4.2 Language File Conventions

There are several conventions that are used in language files. For ease of use and readability, your language files should obey the following rules:

• Indentation is 4 spaces, not tabs: Use spaces! as editors continiously screw up tabs there should be no tabs in your documents since it would look differently on every computer otherwise.
• Strings are in single quotes: Every string in a language file should be in single quotes ('), unless you are specifying a single quote as a quotemark or escape character, in which case they can be in double quotes for readability; or if you are specifying a REGEXP (see below). This ensures that the language file can be loaded as fast as possible by PHP as unnecessary parsing can be avoided.
• Large arrays are multi-lined: An array with more than three or four values should be broken into multiple lines. In any case, lines should not be wider than a full-screen window (about 100 chars per line max). Don't break the keywords arrays after every keyword.
• Ending brackets for multi-lined arrays on a new line: Also with a comma after them, unless the array is the last one in a parent array. See the PHP language file for examples of where to use commas.
• Use GeSHi's constants: For capatalisation, regular expressions etc. use the GeSHi constants, not their actual values.
• Verbatim header format: Copy the file header verbatim from other language files and modify the values afterwards. Don't try to invent own header formats, as your languages else will fail validation!

There are more notes on each convention where it may appear in the language file sections below.

4.3 Language File Sections

This section will look at all the sections of a language file, and how they relate to the final highlighting result.

4.3.1 The Header

The header of a language file is the first lines with the big comment and the start of the variable $language_data:

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<?php
/************************************************************************************* * <name-of-language-file.php>
 * --------------------------------- * Author: <name> (<e-mail address>)
 * Copyright: (c) 2008 <name> (<website URL>) * Release Version: <GeSHi release>
 * Date Started: <date started> *
 * <name-of-language> language file for GeSHi. *
 * <any-comments...> *
 * CHANGES * -------
 * <date-of-release> (<GeSHi release>) *  -  First Release
 * * TODO (updated <date-of-release>)
 * ------------------------- * <things-to-do>
 * *************************************************************************************
 * *     This file is part of GeSHi.
 * *   GeSHi is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *   (at your option) any later version. *
 *   GeSHi is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the *   GNU General Public License for more details.
 * *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *   along with GeSHi; if not, write to the Free Software *   Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 * ************************************************************************************/
 $language_data = array (
 

The parts in angle brackets are the parts that you change for your language file. Everything else must remain the same!

Here are the parts you should change:

• <name-of-language-file.php> - This should become the name of your language file. Language file names are in lower case and contain only alphanumeric characters, dashes and underscores. Language files end with .php (which you should put with the name of your language file, eg language.php)
• <name> - Your name, or alias.
• <e-mail address> - Your e-mail address. If you want your language file included with GeSHi you must include an e-mail address that refers to an inbox controlled by you.
• <website> - A URL of a website of yours (perhaps to a page that deals with your contribution to GeSHi, or your home page/blog)
• <date-started> - The date you started working on the language file. If you can't remember, guestimate.
• <name-of-language> - The name of the language you made this language file for (probably similar to the language file name).
• <any-comments> - Any comments you have to make about this language file, perhaps on where you got the keywords for, what dialect of the language this language file is for etc etc. If you don't have any comments, remove the space for them.
• <date-of-release - The date you released the language file to the public. If you simply send it to me for inclusion in a new GeSHi and don't release it, leave this blank, and I'll replace it with the date of the GeSHi release that it is first added to.
• <GeSHi release> - This is the version of the release that will contain the changes you made. So if you have version 1.0.8 of GeSHi running this will be the next version to be released, e.g. 1.0.8.1.

Everything should remain the same.

Also: I'm not sure about the copyright on a new language file. I'm not a lawyer, could someone contact me about whether the copyright for a new language file should be exclusivly the authors, or joint with me (if included in a GeSHi release)?

4.3.2 The First Indices

Here is an example from the php language file of the first indices:

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    'LANG_NAME' => 'PHP',
    'COMMENT_SINGLE' => array(1 => '//', 2 => '#'),    'COMMENT_MULTI' => array('/*' => '*/'),
    'CASE_KEYWORDS' => GESHI_CAPS_NO_CHANGE,    'QUOTEMARKS' => array("'", '"'),
    'ESCAPE_CHAR' => '\\', 

The first indices are the first few lines of a language file before the KEYWORDS index. These indices specify:

• 'LANG_NAME': The name of the language. This name should be a human-readable version of the name (e.g. HTML 4 (transitional) instead of html4trans)
• 'COMMENT_SINGLE': An array of single-line comments in your language, indexed by integers starting from 1. A single line comment is a comment that starts at the marker and goes until the end of the line. These comments may be any length > 0, and since they can be styled individually, can be used for other things than comments (for example the Java language file defines "import" as a single line comment). If you are making a language that uses a ' (apostrophe) as a comment (or in the comment marker somewhere), use double quotes. e.g.: "'"
• 'COMMENT_MULTI': Used to specify multiline comments, an array in the form 'OPEN' => 'CLOSE'. Unfortunately, all of these comments you add here will be styled the same way (an area of improvement for GeSHi 1.2.X). These comment markers may be any length > 0.
• 'CASE_KEYWORDS': Used to set whether the case of keywords should be changed automatically as they are found. For example, in an SQL or BASIC dialect you may want all keywords to be upper case. The accepted values for this are:
• GESHI_CAPS_UPPER: Convert the case of all keywords to upper case.
• GESHI_CAPS_LOWER: Convert the case of all keywords to lower case.
• GESHI_CAPS_NO_CHANGE: Don't change the case of any keyword.
• 'QUOTEMARKS': Specifies the characters that mark the beginning and end of a string. This is another example where if your language includes the ' string delimiter you should use double quotes around it.
• 'ESCAPE_CHAR': Specifies the escape character used in all strings. If your language does not have an escape character then make this the empty string (''). This is not an array! If found, any character after an escape character and the escape character itself will be highlighted differently, and the character after the escape character cannot end a string.

In some language files you might see here other indices too, but those are dealt with later on.

4.3.3 Keywords

Keywords will make up the bulk of a language file. In this part you add keywords for your language, including inbuilt functions, data types, predefined constants etc etc.

Here's a (shortened) example from the php language file:

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    'KEYWORDS' => array(
        1 => array(            'include', 'require', 'include_once', 'require_once',
            'for', 'foreach', 'as', 'if', 'elseif', 'else', 'while', 'do', 'endwhile', 'endif', 'switch', 'case', 'endswitch',            'return', 'break'
            ),        2 => array(
            'null', '__LINE__', '__FILE__',            'false', '<?php', '?>', '<?',
            '<script language=', '</script>',            'true', 'var', 'default',
            'function', 'class', 'new',            '__FUNCTION__', '__CLASS__', '__METHOD__', 'PHP_VERSION',
            'PHP_OS', 'DEFAULT_INCLUDE_PATH', 'PEAR_INSTALL_DIR', 'PEAR_EXTENSION_DIR',            'PHP_EXTENSION_DIR', 'PHP_BINDIR', 'PHP_LIBDIR', 'PHP_DATADIR', 'PHP_SYSCONFDIR',
            'PHP_LOCALSTATEDIR', 'PHP_CONFIG_FILE_PATH', 'PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_START', 'PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_CONT',            'PHP_OUTPUT_HANDLER_END', 'E_ERROR', 'E_WARNING', 'E_PARSE', 'E_NOTICE',
            'E_CORE_ERROR', 'E_CORE_WARNING', 'E_COMPILE_ERROR', 'E_COMPILE_WARNING', 'E_USER_ERROR',            'E_USER_WARNING', 'E_USER_NOTICE', 'E_ALL'
            ),        3 => array(
            'zlib_get_coding_type','zend_version','zend_logo_guid','yp_order','yp_next',            'yp_match','yp_master','yp_get_default_domain','yp_first','yp_errno','yp_err_string',
            'yp_cat','yp_all','xml_set_unparsed_entity_decl_handler','xml_set_start_namespace_decl_handler',            'xml_set_processing_instruction_handler','xml_set_object',
            'xml_set_notation_decl_handler','xml_set_external_entity_ref_handler','xml_set_end_namespace_decl_handler',            'xml_set_element_handler','xml_set_default_handler','xml_set_character_data_handler',
            'xml_parser_set_option','xml_parser_get_option','xml_parser_free','xml_parser_create_ns',            'xml_parser_create','xml_parse_into_struct'
            )        ),
 

You can see that the index 'KEYWORDS' refers to an array of arrays, indexed by positive integers. In each array, there are some keywords (in the actual php language file there is in fact many more keywords in the array indexed by 3). Here are some points to note about these keywords:

• Indexed by positive integers: Use nothing else! I may change this in 1.2.X, but for the 1.0.X series, use positive integers only. Using strings here results in unnecessary overhead degrading performance when highlighting code with your language file!
• Keywords sorted ascending: Keywords should be sorted in ascending. This is mainly for readability. An issue with versions before 1.0.8 has been solved, so the reverse sorting order is no longer required and should thus be avoided. GeSHi itself sorts the keywords internally when building some of its caches, so the order doesn't matter, but makes things easier to read and maintain.
• Keywords are case sensitive (sometimes): If your language is case-sensitive, the correct casing of the keywords is defined as the case of the keywords in these keyword arrays. If you check the java language file you will see that everything is in exact casing. So if any of these keyword arrays are case sensitive, put the keywords in as their correct case! (note that which groups are case sensitive and which are not is configurable, see later on). If a keyword group is case insensitive, put the lowercase version of the keyword here OR in case documentation links require a special casing (other than all lowercase or all uppercase) the casing required for them use their casing.
• Keywords must be in htmlentities() form: All keywords should be written as if they had been run through the php function htmlentities(). E.g, the keyword is <foogt;, not <foo>
• Don't use keywords to highlight symbols: Just don't!!! It doesn't work, and there is seperate support for symbols since GeSHi 1.0.7.21.
• Markup Languages are special cases: Check the html4strict language file for an example: You need to tweak the Parser control here to tell the surroundings of tagnames. In case of doubt, feel free to ask.

4.3.4 Symbols and Case Sensitivity

So you've put all the keywords for your language in? Now for a breather before we style them :). Symbols define what symbols your language uses. These are things like colons, brackets/braces, and other such general punctuation. No alphanumeric stuff belongs here, just the same as no symbols belong into the keywords section.

As of GeSHi version 1.0.7.21 the symbols section can be used in two ways:

Flat usage:

This mode is the suggested way for existing language files and languages that only need few symbols where no further differentiation is needed or desired. You simply put all the characters in an array under symbols as shown in the first example below. All symbols in flat usage belong to symbol style group 0.

Group usage:

This is a slightly more enhanced way to provide GeSHi symbol information. To use group you create several subarrays each containing only a subset of the symbols to highlight. Every array will need to have an unique index thus you can assign the appropriate styles later.

Here's an example for flat symbol usage

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'SYMBOLS' => array(
  '(', ')', '[', ']', '{', '}', '!', '@', '|', '&', '+', '-', '*', '/', '%', '=', '<', '>'),
 

which is not too different from the newly introduced group usage shown below:

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'SYMBOLS' => array(
  0 => array('(', ')', '[', ']', '{', '}'),  1 => array('!', '@', '|', '&'),
  2 => array('+', '-', '*', '/', '%'),  3 => array('=', '<', '>')
), 

The following case sensitivity group alludes to the keywords section: here you can set which keyword groups are case sensitive.

In the 'CASE_SENSITIVE' group there's a special key GESHI_COMMENTS which is used to set whether comments are case sensitive or not (for example, BASIC has the REM statement which while not being case sensitive is still alphanumeric, and as in the example given before about the Java language file using "import" as a single line comment, this can be useful sometimes. true if comments are case sensitive, false otherwise. All of the other indices correspond to indices in the 'KEYWORDS' section (see above).

4.3.5 Styles for your Language File

This is the fun part! Here you get to choose the colours, fonts, backgrounds and anything else you'd like for your language file.

Here's an example:

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    'STYLES' => array(
        'KEYWORDS' => array(            1 => 'color: #b1b100;',
            2 => 'color: #000000; font-weight: bold;',            3 => 'color: #000066;'
            ),        'COMMENTS' => array(
            1 => 'color: #808080; font-style: italic;',            2 => 'color: #808080; font-style: italic;',
            'MULTI' => 'color: #808080; font-style: italic;'            ),
        'ESCAPE_CHAR' => array(            0 => 'color: #000099; font-weight: bold;'
            ),        'BRACKETS' => array(
            0 => 'color: #66cc66;'            ),
        'STRINGS' => array(            0 => 'color: #ff0000;'
            ),        'NUMBERS' => array(
            0 => 'color: #cc66cc;'            ),
        'METHODS' => array(            0 => 'color: #006600;'
            ),        'SYMBOLS' => array(
            0 => 'color: #66cc66;'            ),
        'REGEXPS' => array(            0 => 'color: #0000ff;'
            ),        'SCRIPT' => array(
            0 => '',            1 => '',
            2 => '',            3 => ''
            )        ),
 

Note that all style rules should end with a semi-colon! This is important: GeSHi may add extra rules to the rules you specify (and will do so if a user tries to change your styles on the fly), so the last semi-colon in any stylesheet rule is important!

All strings here should contain valid stylesheet declarations (it's also fine to have the empty string).

• 'KEYWORDS': This is an array, from keyword index to style. The index you use is the index you used in the keywords section to specify the keywords belonging to that group.
• 'COMMENTS': This is an array, from single-line comment index to style for that index. The index 'MULTI' is used for multiline comments (and cannot be an array). COMMENT_REGEXP use the style given for their key as if they were single-line comments.
• 'ESCAPE_CHAR', 'BRACKETS' and 'METHODS': These are arrays with only one index: 0. You cannot add other indices to these arrays.
• 'STRINGS': This defines the various styles for the Quotemarks you defined earlier. If you don't use multiple styles for strings there's only one index: 0. Please also add this index in case no strings are present.
• 'NUMBERS': This sets the styles used to highlight numbers. The format used here depends on the format used to set the formats of numbers to highlight. If you just used an integer (bitmask) for numbers, you have to either specify one key with the respective constant, and\or include a key 0 as a default style. If you used an array below, copy the keys used there and assign the styles accordingly.
• 'SYMBOLS': This provides one key for each symbol group you defined above. If you used the flat usage make sure you include a key for symbols group 0.
• 'REGEXPS': This is an array with a style for each matching regex. Also, since 1.0.7.21, you can specify the name of a function to be called, that will be given the text matched by the regex, each time a match is found. Note that my testing found that create_function would not work with this due to a PHP bug, so you have to put the function definition at the top of the language file. Be sure to prefix the function name with geshi_[languagename]_ as to not conflict with other functions!
• 'SCRIPT': For languages that use script delimiters, this is where you can style each block of script. For example, HTML and XML have blocks that begin with < and end with > (i.e. tags) and blocks that begin with & and end with ; (i.e. character entities), and you can set a style to apply to each whole block. You specify the delimiters for the blocks below. Note that many languages will not need this feature.

4.3.6 URLs for Functions

This section lets you specify a url to visit for each keyword group. Useful for pointing functions at their online manual entries.

Here is an example:

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    'URLS' => array(
        1 => '',        2 => '',
        3 => 'http://www.php.net/{FNAME}',        4 => ''
        ), 

The indices of this array correspond to the keyword groups you specified in the keywords section. The string {FNAME} marks where the name of the function is substituted in. So for the example above, if the keyword being highlighted is "echo", then the keyword will be a URL pointing to http://www.php.net/echo. Because some languages (Java!) don't keep a uniform URL for functions/classes, you may have trouble in creating a URL for that language (though look in the java language file for a novel solution to it's problem)

4.3.7 Object Orientation Support

Now we're reaching the most little-used section of a language file, which includes such goodies as object orientation support and context support. GeSHi can highlight methods and data fields of objects easily, all you need to do is to tell it to do so and what the "splitter" is between object/method etc.

Here's an example:

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    'OOLANG' => true,
    'OBJECT_SPLITTER' => '->', 

If your language has object orientation, the value of 'OOLANG' is true, otherwise it is false. If it is object orientated, in the 'OBJECT_SPLITTER' value you put the htmlentities() version of the "splitter" between objects and methods/fields. If it is not, then make this the empty string.

4.3.8 Using Regular Expressions

Regular expressions are a good way to catch any other lexic that fits certain rules but can't be listed as a keyword. A good example is variables in PHP: variables always start with either one or two "$" signs, then alphanumeric characters (a simplification). This is easy to catch with regular expressions.

And new to version 1.0.2, there is an advanced way of using regular expressions to catch certain things but highlight only part of those things. This is particularly useful for languages like XML.

Here is an example (this time the PHP file merged with the XML file):

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        0 => array(
            GESHI_SEARCH => '(((xml:)?[a-z\-]+))(=)',            GESHI_REPLACE => '\\1',
            GESHI_MODIFIERS => '',            GESHI_BEFORE => '',
            GESHI_AFTER => '\\4'            ),
        1 => array(            GESHI_SEARCH => '(>/?[a-z0-9]*(>)?)',
            GESHI_REPLACE => '\\1',            GESHI_MODIFIERS => '',
            GESHI_BEFORE => '',            GESHI_AFTER => ''
            ),        2 => "[\\$]{1,2}[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*"
 

As you can see there are two formats. One is the "simple" format used in GeSHi < 1.0.2, and the other is a more advanced syntax. Firstly, the simple syntax:

• May be in double quotes: To make it easier for those who always place their regular expressions in double quotes, you may place any regular expression here in double quotes if you wish.
• Don't use curly brackets where possible: If you want to use curly brackets (()) then by all means give it a try, but I'm not sure whether under some circumstances GeSHi may throw a wobbly. You have been warned! If you want to use brackets, it would be better to use the advanced syntax.
• Don't use the "everything" regex: (That's the .*? regex). Use advanced syntax instead.

And now for advanced syntax, which gives you much more control over exactly what is highlighted:

• GESHI_SEARCH: This element specifies the regular expression to search for. If you plan to capture the output, use brackets (()). See how in the first example above, most of the regular expression is in one set of brackets (with the equals sign in other brackets). You should make sure that the part of the regular expression that is supposed to match what is highlighted is in brackets.
• GESHI_REPLACE: This is what the stuff matched by the regular expression will be replaced with. If you've grouped the stuff you want highlighted into brackets in the GESHI_SEARCH element, then you can use \\number to match that group, where number is a number corresponding to how many open brackets are between the open bracket of the group you want highlighted and the start of the GESHI_SEARCH string + 1. This may sound confusing, and it probably is, but if you're familiar with how PHP's regular expressions work you should understand. In the example above, the opening bracket for the stuff we want highlighted is the very first bracket in the string, so the number of brackets before that bracket and the start of the string is 0. So we add 1 and get our replacement string of \\1 (whew!).

If you didn't understand a word of that, make sure that there are brackets around the string in GESHI_SEARCH and use \\1 for GESHI_REPLACE ;)

• GESHI_MODIFIERS: Specify modifiers for your regular expression. If your regular expression includes the everything matcher (.*?), then your modifiers should include "s" and "i" (e.g. use 'si' for this).
• GESHI_BEFORE:Specifies a bracket group that should appear before the highlighted match (this bracketed group will not be highlighted). Use this if you had to match what you wanted by matching part of your regexp string to something before what you wanted to highlight, and you don't want that part to disappear in the highlighted result.
• GESHI_AFTER:Specifies a bracket group that should appear after the highlighted match (this bracketed group will not be highlighted). Use this if you had to match what you wanted by matching part of your regexp string to something after what you wanted to highlight, and you don't want that part to disappear in the highlighted result.

Is that totally confusing? Here's the test for if you're an android or not: If you found that perfectly understandable then you're an android ;). Here's a better example:

Let's say that I'm making a language, and variables in this language always start with a dollar sign ($), are always written in lowercase letters and always end with an ampersand (&). eg:

$foo& = 'bar'

I want to highlight only the text between the $ and the &. How do I do that? With simple regular expressions I can't, but with advanced, it's relatively easy:

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        1 => array(
            GESHI_SEARCH => '(\$)([a-z]+)(&)', // search for a dollar sign, then one or more of the characters a-z, then an ampersand            GESHI_REPLACE => '\\2',            // we wanna highlight the characters, which are in the second bracketed group
            GESHI_MODIFIERS => '',             // no modifiers, since we're not matching the "anything" regex            GESHI_BEFORE => '\\1',             // before the highlighted characters should be the first bracketed group (always a dollar sign in this example)
            GESHI_AFTER => '\\3'               // after the highlighted characters should be the third bracketed group (always an ampersand in this example)            ),
 

So if someone tried to highlight using my language, all cases of $foo& would turn into:

$<span style="color: blue;">foo</span><span style="color: green;">&amp;</span>

(which would of course be viewed in a browser to get something like $foo&)

4.3.9 Contextual Highlighting and Strict Mode

For languages like HTML, it's good if we can highlight a tag (like <a> for example). But how do we stop every single "a" in the source getting highlighted? What about for attributes? If I've got the word "colspan" in my text I don't want that highlighted! So how do you tell GeSHi not to highlight in that case? You do it with "Strict Blocks".

Here is an example:

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    'STRICT_MODE_APPLIES' => GESHI_MAYBE,
    'SCRIPT_DELIMITERS' => array(        0 => array(
            '<?php' => '?>'            ),
        1 => array(            '<?' => '?>'
            ),        2 => array(
            '<%' => '%>'            ),
        3 => array(            '<script language="php">' => '</script>'
            )        ),
    'HIGHLIGHT_STRICT_BLOCK' => array(        0 => true,
        1 => true,        2 => true,
        3 => true        )
 

What is strict mode? Strict mode says that highlighting only occurs inside the blocks you specify. You can see from the example above that highlighting will only occur if the source is inside <?php ... ?> (though note the GESHI_MAYBE!). Here are some points about strict highlighting:

• 'STRICT_MODE_APPLIES': This takes three values (all constants):
  • GESHI_ALWAYS: Strict mode always applies for all of the blocks you specify. Users of your language file cannot turn strict mode off. This should be used for markup languages.
  • GESHI_NEVER: Strict mode is never used. Users of your language file cannot turn strict mode on. Use this value if there is no such thing as a block of code that would not be highlighted in your language (most languages, like C, Java etc. use this because anything in a C file should be highlighted).
  • GESHI_MAYBE: Strict mode *sometimes* applies. It defaults to "off". Users can turn strict mode on if they please. If strict mode is off then everything in the source will be highlighted, even things outside the strict block markers. If strict mode is on the nothing outside strict block markers will be highlighted.
• 'SCRIPT_DELIMITERS': This is an array of script delimiters, in the format of the above. The indices are use in the 'SCRIPT' part of the styles section for highlighting everything in a strict block in a certain way. For example, you could set up your language file to make the background yellow of any code inside a strict block this way. The delimiters are in the form 'OPEN' => 'CLOSE'. Delimiters can be of any length > 0. Delimiters are not formatted as if they were run through htmlentities()!
• 'HIGHLIGHT_STRICT_BLOCK': specifies whether any highlighting should go on inside each block. Most of the time this should be true, but for example, in the XML language file highlighting is turned off for blocks beginning with <!DOCTYPE and ending with >. However, you can still style the overall block using the method described above, and the XML language file does just that.

Since GeSHi 1.0.8 instead of specifying an array with starter and ender you may also provide a regular expression that matches the full block you wish to highlight. If the regular expression match starts at the same position as a previous array declaration the Regexp match is taken. This is to allow for a fall-back when a preg_match doesn't quite work as expected so you still get reasonably well results.

If you didn't get this, you might want to look into the PHP or HTML language files as this feature is used there to fix some issues that have been there for about 3 years.

4.3.10 Tidying Up

All language files should end with:

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);
 ?>
 

That is the string content "\n);\n?>\n".

4.4 Validating your language file

Since GeSHi 1.0.8 there is a new script langcheck.php in the contrib directory that scans all language files it finds in the geshi/ subdirectory of the GeSHi installation for mistakes.

Please make sure that your language does not contain any mistakes that this script shows you when sending in your language file for inclusion into the official release as this saves work for us when including your file. Also you can be sure your language file will work as expected once your language file validates correctly.

Please note that not all of the language files shipped with GeSHi are fully valid yet, but we're working on it and are happy about every patch we get!

5 Method/Constant Reference

I'm afraid I have been lying for a little while about this now! Since 1.0.7 I have been including a phpdoc API for the sourcecode in the api directory, but have forgot to update the documentation! However, it is available, and may assist you in coding, especially for plugin coders.

That's all, folks!

I've improved the documentation greatly from version 1.0.1, but there may still be problems with it, or it may still be confusing for you. Or perhaps I was just plain wrong about one point! If so, contact me and I'll do my best to sort it out.

In case you were wondering, I've finished development of the 1.0.X thread of GeSHi. The only releases I'll make in this thread will be of the bug-fix/add language files type. In particular, version 1.0.2 was a "concept" release - testing how far I could take the highlighting idea (as well as ideas from others).

I'm planning a code rewrite for 1.2.X, which will be based on a new engine - a "psuedo-tokenizer" engine. Hopefully it will massively reduce the server load and time taken (by almost eliminating regexps), while providing superior highlighting. But fear not! The interface and method names should all remain the same ^_^ (though I can't say the same for language files!)

And finally, a couple of people have been asking me: how did you generate that documentation? The amazing answer is: my brain. And yes, it took a long time, and I don't recommend doing it this way. And yes, you can borrow the styles if you like, though flick me an e-mail if you do.

Anyway, enough blather from me. Get GeSHi working for you already! :D